查看完整版本: 国际组织关于口吃的看法

国际组织关于口吃的看法

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W!N"o}DL{ [size=3][color=darkgreen]On this page:
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;}'D!W VG:a&f How is speech normally produced?
6gCg9{$l}.` Who stutters? I`P,| S)V-| dB
What causes stuttering? 8S%pE/Yy{f
How is stuttering diagnosed?
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How is stuttering treated?
*yJd*UW What research is being done about stuttering?
B_0y'C+Af Where can I get additional information? &yC!X%g'Mp:lpp!u1S8ZQ
Stuttering is a speech disorder in which the normal flow of speech is disrupted by frequent repetitions or prolongations of speech sounds, syllables or words or by an individual's inability to start a word. The speech disruptions may be accompanied by rapid eye blinks, tremors of the lips and/or jaw or other struggle behaviors of the face or upper body that a person who stutters may use in an attempt to speak. Certain situations, such as speaking before a group of people or talking on the telephone, tend to make stuttering more severe, whereas other situations, such as singing or speaking alone, often improve fluency.
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Stuttering may also be referred to as stammering, especially in England, and by a broader term, disfluent speech. Stuttering is different from two additional speech fluency disorders, cluttering, characterized by a rapid, irregular speech and spasmodic dysphonia, a voice disorder.j2p)?g#Q!A)^

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How is speech normally produced?
2}\,}%Y/@!{u3GG[d Speech is normally produced through a series of precisely coordinated muscle movements involving respiration (the breathing mechanism), phonation (the voicing mechanism) and articulation (throat, palate, tongue, lips and teeth).　These muscle movements are initiated, coordinated and controlled by the brain and monitored through the senses of hearing and touch.
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Before speaking, an individual takes a breath and the vocal folds (or vocal cords), which are two bands of muscular tissue located in the voice box directly above the trachea or windpipe, must come together. The air that is held in the lungs is gradually released, passing through the gently closed vocal folds thus causing vibration and producing the voice. The sound of the voice is passed through the throat and is directed into the mouth for most speech sounds, or into the nose for nasal sounds such as "m," "n" and "ng." The palate, tongue, jaw and lips move in precise ways to modify the sounds in order to make speech sounds.J m'};a%E%ut2P8n
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d~-qs#E? u8w[ Who stutters?
/I%S1a]Sz6^ j It is estimated that over three million Americans stutter. Stuttering affects individuals of all ages but occurs most frequently in young children between the ages of 2 and 6 who are developing language. Boys are three times more likely to stutter than girls. Most children, however, outgrow their stuttering, and it is estimated that less than 1 percent of adults stutter.8R*om|G&a!H8HE

^8F(FnD#b Many individuals who stutter have become successful in careers that require public speaking. The list of individuals includes Winston Churchill, actress Marilyn Monroe, actors James Earl Jones, Bruce Willis and Jimmy Stewart, and singers Carly Simon and Mel Tillis, to name only a few.R o4oh`OKx
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What causes stuttering?"M:six:v&x(w&sz(J
Scientists suspect a variety of causes. There is reason to believe that many forms of stuttering are genetically determined. The precise mechanisms causing stuttering are not understood.
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K-xh#m~+V] The most common form of stuttering is thought to be developmental, that is, it is occurring in children who are in the process of developing speech and language. This relaxed type of stuttering is felt to occur when a child's speech and language abilities are unable to meet his or her verbal demands. Stuttering happens when the child searches for the correct word. Developmental stuttering is usually outgrown.
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E(L!lD*X rM Another common form of stuttering is neurogenic. Neurogenic disorders arise from signal problems between the brain and nerves or muscles. In neurogenic stuttering, the brain is unable to coordinate adequately the different components of the speech mechanism. Neurogenic stuttering may also occur following a stroke or other type of brain injury.
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Other forms of stuttering are classified as psychogenic or originating in the mind or mental activity of the brain such as thought and reasoning. Whereas at one time the major cause of stuttering was thought to be psychogenic, this type of stuttering is now known to account for only a minority of the individuals who stutter. Although individuals who stutter may develop emotional problems such as fear of meeting new people or speaking on the telephone, these problems often result from stuttering rather than causing the stuttering. Psychogenic stuttering occasionally occurs in individuals who have some types of mental illness or individuals who have experienced severe mental stress or anguish.f[t0E_

P;B ][8pa7v,d Scientists and clinicians have long known that stuttering may run in families and that there is a strong possibility that some forms of stuttering are, in fact, hereditary. No gene or genes for stuttering, however, have yet been found.'[U(WlO0c
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J\3o'd+dR/F!RB2T How is stuttering diagnosed?
-?X9w;v7Qp#vDc Stuttering is generally diagnosed by a speech-language pathologist, a professional who is specially trained to test and treat individuals with voice, speech and language disorders. The diagnosis is usually based on the history of the disorder, such as when it was first noticed and under what circumstances, as well as a complete evaluation of speech and language abilities.\[)g.P)}l
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Qf5AHy]/{%t;X8h How is stuttering treated?,x7tJVj}c%E
There are a variety of treatments available for stuttering. Any of the methods may improve stuttering to some degree, but there is at present no cure for stuttering. Stuttering therapy, however, may help prevent developmental stuttering from becoming a life-long problem. Therefore a speech evaluation is recommended for children who stutter for longer than six months or for those whose stuttering is accompanied by struggle behaviors.2r.XP(Z,hc3bp*o

][2eTKb n TZ[ Developmental stuttering is often treated by educating parents about restructuring the child's speaking environment to reduce the episodes of stuttering. Parents are often urged to:
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provide a relaxed home environment that provides ample opportunities for the child to speak. Setting aside specific times when the child and parent can speak free of distractions is often helpful.
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refrain from criticizing the child's speech or reacting negatively to the child's disfluencies. Parents should avoid punishing the child for any disfluencies or asking the child repeat stuttered words until they are spoken fluently. F!n9\`l

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resist encouraging the child to perform verbally for people. )~
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listen attentively to the child when he or she speaks. f$AmCuYjn$V

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speak slowly and in a relaxed manner. If a parent speaks this way, the child will often speak in the same slow, relaxed manner.
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iJU H\;v wait for the child to say the intended word. Don't try to complete the child's thoughts.
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%Fz3}v#T talk openly to the child about stuttering if he or she brings up the subject. 2xi6Y y4{'rxa
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1k#RV*El`)` Many of the currently popular therapy programs for persistent stuttering focus on relearning how to speak or unlearning faulty ways of speaking. The psychological side effects of stuttering that often occur, such as fear of speaking to strangers or in public, are also addressed in most of these programs.$x%F/Z i],X5y7Uy
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Other forms of therapy utilize interventions such as medications or electronic devices. Medications or drugs which affect brain function often have side effects that make them difficult to use for long-term treatment. Electronic devices which help an individual control fluency may be more of a bother than a help in most speaking situations and are often abandoned by individuals who stutter.
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v;a.l(N-v%o{ Unconventional methods of stuttering therapy also exist. It is always a good policy to check the credentials, experience and goals of the person offering treatment. Avoid working with anyone who promises a "cure" for stuttering.
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What research is being done about stuttering?/_,M`?(wS;S[_H
Stuttering research is exploring ways to improve the diagnosis and treatment of stuttering as well as to identify its causes. Emphasis is being placed on improving the ability to determine which children will outgrow their stuttering and which children will stutter the rest of their lives. Stuttering characteristics are being examined to help identify groups of individuals who have similar types of stuttering and therefore may have a common cause. Research is also being conducted that will help locate the possible genes for the types of stuttering that tend to run in families. Modern medical tools such as PET (positron emission tomography) scans and functional MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scans are offering insight into the brain organization of individuals who stutter. The effectiveness of different types of treatment are also being examined, and new treatments are being developed. Rrr7d'f zP%P
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6ck5s g-rGSJ Where can I get more information? K jE,Aut
NIDCD maintains a directory of organizations that can answer questions and provide printed or electronic information on stuttering. Please see the list of organizations at [url]www.nidcd.nih.gov/directory.[/url]
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,O&w8M:^] w%`2R Use the following keywords to help you search for organizations that are relevant to stuttering:8?qItAfLT

u:mU};H']!e^Y Stuttering
,g^ s"[@$tV Speech-language pathologists
)y8\0JO7C|4XN Physician/practitioner referrals
Un9Q7Y.| For more information, additional addresses and phone numbers, or a printed list of organizations, contact:
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NIDCD Information Clearinghouse
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Bethesda, MD 20892-3456
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Toll-free TTY:　(800) 241-10554GT[py.sJC r{o
Fax:　(301) 770-8977
*PI7\ R#W3MR7n E-mail:　[email]nidcdinfo@nidcd.nih.gov[/email]
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正常地被生产的演讲好吗?
L M6\ynI 世界卫生组织口吃? (^{ x9b*~X;o3w-z)]
什么因素口吃? t[fs%ZE$\a!{
如何正在口吃诊断?
fr J%^N7n:sP*t z9^+g 如何正在口吃对待? @A0Z9O`/z
研究是被有关口吃做什么? }T#L-N[
我能哪里得到另外的数据?
3gm"wv9L)?tk 口吃 是一演讲扰乱 演讲的正常流程被演讲声音，音节或字的时常发生重复或延伸打乱或藉着个体的无能开始一个字。演讲分裂可能随同迅速眼睛眨眼, 唇及[或] 颚的震动或眨眼其他一个口吃的人可能使用试图说的脸或上面的身体竞争行为。 特定的情形, 如此的当做在一群人之前说或打电话讲话,容易使口吃更严格的, 然而其他的情形, 如此的当做独自地唱或说,时常改善流畅。
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口吃也可能被称为口吃, 尤其在英国, 和被一个较宽广的期限,不流利的演讲。 口吃不同于二另外的演讲流畅混乱,弄乱, 被一场迅速又不规则的演讲表示的特色和抽筋的发声困难, 一宣述混乱.
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正常地被生产的演讲好吗?
E'C2c.{B*mt} 演讲正常地被生产经过一系列的精确地协调了包括呼吸 (呼吸机制) ，发声 (宣述机制) 和关节 (咽喉，上颚，舌，唇和牙齿) 的肌肉运动.　这些肌肉运动被脑开始, 协调而且控制并且检测过听证会感和触觉。6a!n`*})`bC&]G
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在说之前，一个个体轮流呼吸和那声音的折层 ( 或声带),在气管或气管上面直接地位于声音盒子的强壮薄的纱织品的二条乐团是哪一,一定一起受到的影响。 在肺中被拿着的空气逐渐地被释放,通过逐渐关闭声音的折层如此引起震动而且产生声音。声音的声音被通过咽喉并且进入嘴之内被指示，因为大多数的演讲听,或进入鼻子之内因为鼻音听起来如此如 " m" ， " n" 和 " ng" 。 上颚，舌，颚和唇在精确的方面移动为了要发表演讲声音 , 修正声音。
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v8k8@l)G~K'mp 世界卫生组织口吃?
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d 资讯科技被估计超过三百万个美国人口吃。 口吃影响所有年龄的个体但是以在正在发展语言的 2 和 6 岁之间的年轻孩子发生得最时常。 男孩是更有可能跟女孩比起来口吃的三次。 大多数的孩子，然而，过大而不适于他们口吃，而且它被估计一点也不 1% 的成人口吃。
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口吃的许多个体已经在需要演说的事业中变得成功。 个体的目录包括邱吉尔，女演员玛里琳门罗，演员詹姆士伯爵钟斯，布鲁斯威廉斯和吉米斯图尔特, 和歌手汽车西蒙和蜂蜜 Tillis, 命名只有一些。0Cx%I0bg0o2N`,VIe/F

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Ee6^P4wdbQ 什么因素口吃?
_ckA[/l4J 科学家怀疑多种因素。 有理由相信许多形式的口吃在遗传基因上被决定。 精确的机制引起口吃不被了解。rRiPI

s3dmfHc 最通常形式的口吃被认为是发展上的, 也就是说，它正在以发展中演讲和语言的程序孩子中发生。 当孩子的演讲和语言能力不能够符合的时候，口吃的这一个被放松的类型被感觉发生他的或她口述的要求。 当孩子寻找正确的字时候，口吃发生。 发展上的口吃通常被过大而不适于。;c%P3jrru.Z
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另外的通常形式的口吃是 neurogenic 。 Neurogenic 混乱从在脑和神经或肌肉之间的信号问题出现。 在 neurogenic 口吃中，脑不能够足够地协调演讲机制的不同成份。 Neurogenic 口吃也可能发生跟随一个笔划或其他脑受伤的类型。;yE7L$]'_q,V

#W-M6OTG6Ck4N7k 其他形式的口吃被归类为心因性的或在脑 , 像是想法的思想或心智活动中开始和说服。 然而以次口吃的主要因素被认为是心因性的,口吃的这一个类型现在被知道解释只有口吃的个体少数。 虽然口吃的个体可能发展情绪的问题 , 像是恐惧打电话遇见新的人或说，这些问题时常起因于口吃不愿引起那口吃。 心因性的口吃有时候在有一些类型的心智疾病或已经感受严重的心智压迫力或苦闷的个体个体中发生。
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科学家和临床医生久已经知道，口吃可能在家庭中跑而且有一种强壮的可能性口吃的一些表格事实上, 是世袭的。 没有基因或基因因为口吃，然而，仍然已经被发现。
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yhJ#Cm%y6|)f 如何正在口吃诊断?;N6r f KQz
通常口吃被诊断被一演讲- 语言的病理学者,一个特别地被训练测试而且用声音，演讲和语言混乱对待个体的专业人士。 诊断通常以混乱的历史为基础, 如此的当做当它首先被注意的时候和在什么之下环境 , 连同演讲和语言能力的完全评估。
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如何正在口吃对待?kCV-uH
有可用来口吃的多种治疗。 任何一个方法可能达到一些程度改善口吃，但是为口吃目前没有治疗。 口吃治疗,然而,可能帮助阻止发展上的口吃变成一个生活- 长的问题。 因此演讲评估对于孩子被推荐口吃为比六个月长的或对于那些谁的口吃由竞争行为陪同。(w*Q*V0O%I k~

f9AYHX'@ L|Fn 发展上的口吃时常被藉由教育关于更改结构孩子说环境的父母对待减少口吃的插曲。 父母时常被催促到:
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:Fw({0C'Q 提供被放松的提供充足的机会给孩子的家庭环境说。设定特性乘孩子和父母何时能说免于娱乐的旁白时常是有帮助的。 eH0M%W+X-Mu

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克制不要批评孩子的演讲或产生否定的反应孩子的不流畅。 父母应该为任何的不流畅避免处罚孩子，或问孩子重复口吃了字，直到他们被流利地讲。 @9{fs,H'y+f,An-S3T
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#Bz3dy4?U$@;^9[%K 抵抗鼓励孩子口述地为人运行。
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当他或她说的时候，注意地听孩子的话。
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}}z!P^1^F 慢慢地和以被放松的样子说。 如果一个父母这样说,孩子将会慢地时常在一样的中说,放松样子。
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x@Mx.\ x 等候孩子说有意的字。 不要试着完成孩子的想法。 iyIFn5T
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7P!`mRGBE'{ 如果他或她提出主题，公开地有关口吃和孩子说话。 G0r/F rXkiO:R*V Sp
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许多现在流行的治疗一再学习该如何说或忘掉说的有过失方法为固执的口吃焦点规划。口吃那的心理学副作用时常发生, 像是跟恐惧说话的陌生人或当众 ,也被在这些计画的大部分方面向～演说。
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0mWpq0Ij \ G 其他形式的治疗利用干涉 , 像是药物治疗或电子的装置。 药物治疗或影响功能时常有使他们困难的副作用的脑药为长期的治疗使用。 帮助流畅可能是更多的个别控制的电子装置一烦扰胜于大部分的帮忙说情形而且时常被口吃的个体抛弃。)AB*]"R s$L,W']
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口吃治疗的非传统方法也存在。 资讯科技总是一个好政策检查人提供治疗的国书，经验和目标。 避免与为口吃允诺 " 治疗 " 的任何人合作。J1lY.u/Q MN7[8d
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TW"L;L/^ 研究是被有关口吃做什么?7iTi7ADY9sw
口吃研究正在探究方法改善诊断和口吃的治疗连同识别它的因素。 强调正在被一改良能力决定哪一孩子将会过大而不适于他们口吃和哪一孩子将会口吃他们的生命其余者放置。 口吃特性正在被调查帮助识别群体的有相似类型的口吃因此可能有通常的因素个体。 研究也正在被引导那将会帮助为口吃那的类型位于可能的基因容易在家庭中跑。现代的医学工具 , 像是伴侣动物 (阳电子发射断层摄影术) 扫描和功能的磁共振成像 (磁性共呜图像) 扫描正在提供对口吃的个体脑组织的洞察。 不同类型治疗的效力也正在被调查，而且新的治疗正在被发展。!p!T1ai;_)H d8Y!};|R

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?RWd)d+n%K 我能哪里得到较多的数据? (X-F0c
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NIDCD 维持一个组织的目录以能回答问题而且提供印刷的或关于口吃的电子资讯。 请见到组织的目录在[url]www.nidcd.nih.gov/[/url]目录.
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|4w9C5~M/}h 使用下列的牛鼻子字帮助你寻找正在口吃的组织:{5H W,jsi.G
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4O$N8AQ8V1I$D2gs 演讲- 语言的病理学者
7E&G,T8^c;o0a 医师/开业者指示 2I%\8uG1I3x:{;|.HTY
对于较多的数据，另外的住址和电话数,或一本组织的印刷目录,连络:"IafyEN
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NIDCD 数据票据交换所OcY4wH&BP@
1 沟通大街
#g v*vr4g;R g%}1]7~ 毕士大,MD 20892-3456Q&_vSp{0M{p^
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